Diagnostic Histopathology
Volume 14, Issue 5 , Pages 195-201 , May 2008

The pathogenesis of prostate cancer: from molecular to metabolic alterations

References 

  1. Walczak JR, Carducci MA. Prostate cancer: a practical approach to current management of recurrent disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:243–249
  2. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108
  3. Wright ME, Chang SC, Schatzkin A, et al. Prospective study of adiposity and weight change in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer. 2007;
  4. Loeb S, Catalona WJ. Prostate-specific antigen in clinical practice. Cancer Lett. 2007;249:30–39
  5. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2239–2246
  6. D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280:969–974
  7. Cooperberg MR, Lubeck DP, Meng MV, Mehta SS, Carroll PR. The changing face of low-risk prostate cancer: trends in clinical presentation and primary management. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2141–2149
  8. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–1512
  9. Bostwick DG, Shan A, Qian J, et al. Independent origin of multiple foci of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: comparison with matched foci of prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1998;83:1995–2002
  10. DeMarzo AM, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Epstein JI. Pathological and molecular aspects of prostate cancer. Lancet. 2003;361:955–964
  11. Freedman ML, Haiman CA, Patterson N, et al. Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:14068–14073
  12. Amundadottir LT, Sulem P, Gudmundsson J, et al. A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations. Nat Genet. 2006;38:652–658
  13. Peehl DM. Primary cell cultures as models of prostate cancer development. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005;12:19–47
  14. Bradford TJ, Tomlins SA, Wang X, Chinnaiyan AM. Molecular markers of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2006;24:538–551
  15. Yu YP, Landsittel D, Jing L, et al. Gene expression alterations in prostate cancer predicting tumor aggression and preceding development of malignancy. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2790–2799
  16. Roy-Burman P, Wu H, Powell WC, Hagenkord J, Cohen MB. Genetically defined mouse models that mimic natural aspects of human prostate cancer development. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2004;11:225–254
  17. Majumder PK, Yeh JJ, George DJ, et al. Prostate intraepithelial neoplasia induced by prostate restricted Akt activation: the MPAKT model. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:7841–7846
  18. Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science. 2005;310:644–648
  19. Wang J, Cai Y, Ren C, Ittmann M. Expression of variant TMPRSS2/ERG fusion messenger RNAs is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8347–8351
  20. Li LC, Carroll PR, Dahiya R. Epigenetic changes in prostate cancer: implication for diagnosis and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:103–115
  21. De Marzo AM, DeWeese TL, Platz EA, et al. Pathological and molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis: implications for diagnosis, detection, prevention, and treatment. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91:459–477
  22. Henrique R, Jeronimo C. Molecular detection of prostate cancer: a role for GSTP1 hypermethylation. Eur Urol. 2004;46:660–669(discussion: 669)
  23. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 1956;123:309–314
  24. Costello LC, Franklin RB. ‘Why do tumour cells glycolyse?’: from glycolysis through citrate to lipogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005;280:1–8
  25. Kuhajda FP. Fatty-acid synthase and human cancer: new perspectives on its role in tumor biology. Nutrition. 2000;16:202–208
  26. Menendez JA, Lupu R. Fatty acid synthase and the lipogenic phenotype in cancer pathogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:763–777
  27. Kuhajda FP, Pizer ES, Li JN, Mani NS, Frehywot GL, Townsend CA. Synthesis and antitumor activity of an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:3450–3454
  28. Rossi S, Graner E, Febbo P, et al. Fatty acid synthase expression defines distinct molecular signatures in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2003;1:707–715
  29. Baron A, Migita T, Tang D, Loda M. Fatty acid synthase: a metabolic oncogene in prostate cancer?. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91:47–53
  30. Pizer ES, Pflug BR, Bova GS, Han WF, Udan MS, Nelson JB. Increased fatty acid synthase as a therapeutic target in androgen- independent prostate cancer progression. Prostate. 2001;47:102–110
  31. Pflug BR, Pecher SM, Brink AW, Nelson JB, Foster BA. Increased fatty acid synthase expression and activity during progression of prostate cancer in the TRAMP model. Prostate. 2003;57:245–254
  32. Little JL, Wheeler FB, Fels DR, Koumenis C, Kridel SJ. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67:1262–1269
  33. Swinnen JV, Van Veldhoven PP, Timmermans L, et al. Fatty acid synthase drives the synthesis of phospholipids partitioning into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;302:898–903
  34. Freeman MR, Solomon KR. Cholesterol and prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91:54–69
  35. Yang G, Truong LD, Wheeler TM, Thompson TC. Caveolin-1 expression in clinically confined human prostate cancer: a novel prognostic marker. Cancer Res. 1999;59:5719–5723
  36. Williams TM, Hassan GS, Li J, et al. Caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer: genetic ablation of Cav-1 delays advanced prostate tumor development in tramp mice. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:25134–25145
  37. Di Vizio D, Sotgia F, Williams TM, et al. Caveolin-1 is required for the upregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a tumor promoter, during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Biol Ther. 2007;6:1263–1268
  38. Zhuang L, Lin J, Lu ML, Solomon KR, Freeman MR. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts mediate akt-regulated survival in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002;62:2227–2231
  39. Kridel SJ, Axelrod F, Rozenkrantz N, Smith JW. Orlistat is a novel inhibitor of fatty acid synthase with antitumor activity. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2070–2075
  40. Kato K, Der CJ, Buss JE. Prenoids and palmitate: lipids that control the biological activity of Ras proteins. Semin Cancer Biol. 1992;3:179–188
  41. Hochachka PW, Rupert JL, Goldenberg L, Gleave M, Kozlowski P. Going malignant: the hypoxia-cancer connection in the prostate. Bioessays. 2002;24:749–757
  42. Myers RB, Oelschlager DK, Weiss HL, Frost AR, Grizzle WE. Fatty acid synthase: an early molecular marker of progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma to androgen independence. J Urol. 2001;165:1027–1032
  43. Rossi S, Graner E, Febbo P, et al. Fatty acid synthase expression defines distinct molecular signatures in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2003;1:707–715
  44. Priolo C, Tang D, Brahamandan M, et al. The isopeptidase USP2a protects human prostate cancer from apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8625–8632
  45. Graner E, Tang D, Rossi S, et al. The isopeptidase USP2a regulates the stability of fatty acid synthase in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell. 2004;5:253–261
  46. Ruderman N, Prentki M. AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;3:340–351
  47. Laukkanen JA, Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Pukkala E, Hakkarainen A, Salonen JT. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:1646–1650
  48. Chakravarty B, Gu Z, Chirala SS, Wakil SJ, Quiocho FA. Human fatty acid synthase: structure and substrate selectivity of the thioesterase domain. P. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:15567–15572
  49. Renatus M, Parrado SG, D’Arcy A, et al. Structural basis of ubiquitin recognition by the deubiquitinating protease USP2. Structure. 2006;14:1293–1302
  50. Townley R, Shapiro L. Crystal structures of the adenylate sensor from fission yeast AMP-activated protein kinase. Science. 2007;315:1726–1729

PII: S1756-2317(08)00046-7

doi: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2008.03.001

Diagnostic Histopathology
Volume 14, Issue 5 , Pages 195-201 , May 2008